Thursday, February 10, 2011

Payment Gateway

A payment gateway is an e-commerce application service provider service that authorizes payments for e-businesses, online retailers, bricks and clicks, or traditional brick and mortar. It is the equivalent of a physical point of sale terminal located in most retail outlets. Payment gateways protect credit card details by encrypting sensitive information, such as credit card numbers, to ensure that information is passed securely between the customer and the merchant and also between merchant and the payment processor.


How It Works?

A payment gateway facilitates the transfer of information between a payment portal (such as a website, mobile phone or IVR service) and the Front End Processor or acquiring bank. When a customer orders a product from a payment gateway-enabled merchant, the payment gateway performs a variety of tasks to process the transaction:

    * A customer places order on website by pressing the 'Submit Order' or equivalent button, or perhaps enters their card details using an automatic phone answering service.
    * If the order is via a website, the customer's web browser encrypts the information to be sent between the browser and the merchant's webserver. This is done via SSL (Secure Socket Layer) encryption.
    * The merchant then forwards the transaction details to their payment gateway. This is another SSL encrypted connection to the payment server hosted by the payment gateway.
    * The payment gateway forwards the transaction information to the payment processor used by the merchant's acquiring bank.
    * The payment processor forwards the transaction information to the card association (i.e., Visa/MasterCard)
    * If an American Express or Discover Card was used, then the processor acts as the issuing bank and directly provides a response of approved or declined to the payment gateway.
    * Otherwise, the card association routes the transaction to the correct card issuing bank.
    * The credit card issuing bank receives the authorization request and sends a response back to the processor (via the same process as the request for authorization) with a response code. In addition to determining the fate of the payment, (i.e. approved or declined) the response code is used to define the reason why the transaction failed (such as insufficient funds, or bank link not available)
    * The processor forwards the response to the payment gateway.
    * The payment gateway receives the response, and forwards it on to the website (or whatever interface was used to process the payment) where it is interpreted as a relevant response then relayed back to the cardholder and the merchant.
    * The entire process typically takes 2–3 seconds

    * The merchant submits all their approved authorizations, in a "batch", to their acquiring bank for settlement.
    * The acquiring bank deposits the total of the approved funds in to the merchant's nominated account. This could be an account with the acquiring bank if the merchant does their banking with the same bank, or an account with another bank.
    * The entire process from authorization to settlement to funding typically takes 3 days.

Many payment gateways also provide tools to automatically screen orders for fraud and calculate tax in real time prior to the authorization request being sent to the processor. Tools to detect fraud include geolocation, velocity pattern analysis, delivery address verification, computer finger printing technology, identity morphing detection, and basic AVS checks.


Security:

    * Since the customer is usually required to enter personal details, the entire communication of 'Submit Order' page (i.e. customer - payment gateway) is carried out through HTTPS protocol.
    * To validate the request of the payment page result, signed request is often used - which is the result of the hash function in which the parameters of an application confirmed by a «secret word», known only to the merchant and payment gateway.
    * To validate the request of the payment page result, sometimes IP of the requesting server has to be verified.
    * There is a growing support by acquirers, issuers and subsequently by payments gateways for Virtual Payer Authentication (VPA), implemented as 3-D Secure protocol - branded as Verified by VISA, MasterCard SecureCode and J/Secure by JCB, which adds additional layer of security for online payments. 3-D Secure promises to alleviate some of the problems facing online merchants, like the inherent distance between the seller and the buyer, and the inability of the first to easily confirm the identity of the second.

Monday, February 7, 2011

Review Report of Hasitha

Name: Hasitha Cheruku
Education: BTech (Information Technology)
Organization: Google, Hyderabad

Brands:Levis , pepe Jeans , Porsche , BMW
Airlines: Kingfisher
Airport: Rajeev Gandhi International Airport , Shamshabad , Hyderabad
Review:  It has a good infrastructure and best flight services
Car:BMW

Laptop: Apple
Review: It is one the best brands all over the world and designes laptops, ipods. It has intel pentium core processor with an extendable RAM slot and digital speakers.

Mobile: Samsung corby pro.
Review: Samsung corby pro is a very good mobile with lot of features that include extendable memory slot, windows, inbuilt camera of 5 mega pixel , user friendly mobile to be used.

Review Report of Haritha

Name: Haritha Cheruku
Education: BTech(Computer Science Engineering)
Oranization: Aerosoft Corporation, indore

Brands: United Colors Of Benton , Levis , BMW, Kingfisher
Bank: HDFC,SBI
Review: HDFC and SBI are the best banks that provides good service to the customers.They provide best banking operations to the customers and the operations include basic account transations, loan applications, money transfer and etc..

Car: Maruti Wagon R and TATA Indigo
Review: Maruti Wagon R is a car that runs with petrol and TATA indigo run with deasel the outlook of both the cars is realy good. both the cars has a power steering and air compressed gears.

Hotel: Utsav, tolichoki, Secunderabad, Hyderabad.
Review: Hotel Utsav has a good infrastructure with a swimming pool and a garden with a good environment to enjoy the food. It is purly a vegetarian hotel and one of the best vegetarian hotels in Hyderabad with best service. The furniture at the Hotel is very comfortable and the kitchen is very neat. Generally some people do not wish to eat at the hotels as no one will be consious of hygen. but Utsav is very hygenic place to have food.

Laptop: Toshiba
Review: All the Laptops made by Toshiba are very fast i mean good processor. mobile intel pentium processor, 2GB RAM and has extra connectivity features. small in size , light weight , portable and has good look.

Mobile: Sony Erricson
Review: All the mobiles designed by Sony Erricson are very different from other mobiles. Easy to carry and has a good battery backup and has extendable memory slot. These mobiles has different Operating systems installed in them like windows xp, basic windows, android the new OS and so on. overal it is the best mobile to be used.



Sunday, February 6, 2011


Definition of meta tag
A meta tag is a tag (that is, a coding statement) in the Hypertext Markup Language that describes some aspect of the contents of a Web page. The information that you provide in a meta tag is used by search engines to index a page so that someone searching for the kind of information the page contains will be able to find it. The meta tag is placed near the top of the HTML in a Web page as part of the heading.There are several kinds of meta tags, but the most important for search engine indexing are the keywords meta tag and the description meta tag. The keywords meta tag lists the words or phrases that best describe the contents of the page. The description meta tag includes a brief one- or two-sentence description of the page. Both the keywords and the description are used by search engines in adding a page to their index. Some search engines also use the description to show the searcher a summary of the page's contents.Although most search engines also use the contents of a page as a way to determine how to index it, the creator of a Web page should be sure to include meta tags with appropriate keywords and description. Well-written meta tags can help make the page rank higher in search results.

What does a meta tag look like?

You should insert the meta tag element at the top of your document, just after the <TITLE> element. It follows the usual form of tags, ie
<META name="something" content="something else">
but note that you don't have to have a </META> at the end of the tag, the way that you do with something like <BOLD> bold </BOLD>. However, make sure that each tag does not include any line breaks, since some search engines get a little bit tetchy about this.

What can I include in a meta tag?

There are basically four major meta tags that you can use:
  • <META name="resource-type" content="document">
    • The only resource type that is currently in use is "document" This is the only tag that you need to put in for indexing purposes, but use of the others is a good idea.
  • <META name="description" content="a description of your page">
    • Depending on the search engine, this will be displayed along with the title of your page in an index. "content" could be a word, sentence or even paragraph to describe your page. Keep this reasonably short, concise and to the point. However, don't be so mean with your description that its not an appropriate reflection of the contents!
  • <META name="keywords" content="a, list, of, keywords">
    • Choose whatever keywords you think are appropriate, seperated by commas. Remember to include synoyms, americanisms and so on. So, if you had a page on cars, you might want to include keywords such as car, cars, vehicles, automobiles and so on.
  • <META name="distribution" content="one of several">
    • Content should contain either global, local or iu (for Internal Use). To be perfectly honest, I can't quite get my head around this one; its supposed to list available resources designed to allow the use to find things easily, but I still don't quite get it. My advice is to stick to "global".

Are there optional tags?

Yup, there is a whole bunch of 'em. I've put in a couple of examples below:
  • <META name="copyright" content="copyright statement"
    • Pretty obvious what this one's for.
  • <META HTTP-EQUIV="varname" content="data"
    • This binds the varname to an HTTP header field. An http server might use this to process a document. This one's a tad more tricky.If you included the following example:
      <META HTTP-EQUIV="keywords" content="car,cars"
      then, as part of a GET command the server would include the word car and cars in the HTTP response header.
  • <META HTTP-EQUIV="refresh" content="0; url=homepage.htm"
    • This can be used in the HEAD section of the index.html file to redirect it to homepage.htm. The figure after content is the time in seconds that the browser waits before moving on.

Other useful points.

There is no need to index every single file that you've got on your site - just choose a few representative samples. The description tag should not simply restate the title of the page, it should describe the page. The tag can also be used in the creation of dynamic documents, and when I've explored this a little bit further, I'll add more information on this.

backlinks

Backlinks are incoming links to a website or web page. Inbound links were originally important (prior to the emergence of search engines) as a primary means of web navigation; today their significance lies in search engine optimization (SEO). The number of backlinks is one indication of the popularity or importance of that website or page (for example, this is used by Google to determine the PageRank of a webpage). Outside of SEO, the backlinks of a webpage may be of significant personal, cultural or semantic interest: they indicate who is paying attention to that page.

In basic link terminology, a backlink is any link received by a web node (web page, directory, website, or top level domain) from another web node . Backlinks are also known as incoming links, inbound links, inlinks, and inward links. search engines often use the number of backlinks that a website has as one of the most important factors for determining that website's search engine ranking, popularity and importance. Google's description of their PageRank system, for instance, notes that Google interprets a link from page A to page B as a vote, by page A, for page B.[2] Knowledge of this form of search engine rankings has fueled a portion of the SEO industry commonly termed linkspam, where a company attempts to place as many inbound links as possible to their site regardless of the context of the originating site.

Websites often employ various techniques (called search engine optimization, usually shortened to SEO) to increase the number of backlinks pointing to their website. Some methods are free for use by everyone whereas some methods like linkbaiting requires quite a bit of planning and marketing to work. Some websites stumble upon "linkbaiting" naturally; the sites that are the first with a tidbit of 'breaking news' about a celebrity are good examples of that. When "linkbait" happens, many websites will link to the 'baiting' website because there is information there that is of extreme interest to a large number of people.

There are several factors that determine the value of a backlink. Backlinks from authoritative sites on a given topic are highly valuable.[3] If both sites have content geared toward the keyword topic, the backlink is considered relevant and believed to have strong influence on the search engine rankings of the webpage granted the backlink. A backlink represents a favorable 'editorial vote' for the receiving webpage from another granting webpage. Another important factor is the anchor text of the backlink. Anchor text is the descriptive labeling of the hyperlink as it appears on a webpage. Search engine bots (i.e., spiders, crawlers, etc.) examine the anchor text to evaluate how relevant it is to the content on a webpage. Anchor text and webpage content congruency are highly weighted in search engine results page (SERP) rankings of a webpage with respect to any given keyword query by a search engine user.

Increasingly, inbound links are being weighed against link popularity and originating context. This transition is reducing the notion of one link, one vote in SEO, a trend proponents[who?] hope will help curb linkspam as a whole.

It should also be noted that building too many backlinks over a short period of time can get a website's ranking penalized, and in extreme cases, the website is de-indexed altogether. Anything above a couple of hundred a day is considered "dangerous".

Friday, February 4, 2011

What is Page Ranking

Page Rank is a link analysis algorithm, named after Larry Page, used by the Google Internet search engine that assigns a numerical weighting to each element of a hyperlinked set of documents, such as the World Wide Web, with the purpose of "measuring" its relative importance within the set. ie the quality and number of links pointing at your site will give you score. If you are interested in learning about SEO, pagerank shouldn't be all you look at. Read up on domain authority and trust as well as these are contributing factors.

Page Rank shows the quality of the page, but we should not pay too much attention on it. It's a tool Google founder created to showing measurement of importance of a page or site. Page rank says a lot about the site or the page itself to Google as well as the user. The better the PR the better the page is or the more important the page is. It depends on plenty of algorithm set by Google. Primarily inbound link of the link pointing to your site is just one of them what we say backlink.

It show the importance of a web page. Page rank is importance of page assigned by Google to each web page. page rank is a important factor to reflect the quality of the page. Page rank is a measurement of how important a page is and affects search rankings. This is an index that values Web pages on a scale of 0 to 10, based largely on link popularity.

What is a Hit in Internet

Hit:
A hit is a request to a web server for a file (web page, image, JavaScript, Cascading Style Sheet, etc.). When a web page is uploaded from a server the number of "hits" or "page hits" is equal to the number of files requested. Therefore, one page load does not always equal one hit because often pages are made up of other images and other files which stack up the number of hits counted. Because one page load does not equal one hit it is an inaccurate measure of a website's popularity or web traffic. A more accurate measure of web traffic is how many page views a web site has. Hits are useful when evaluating the requirements of your server, depending on the number and size of files which need to be transferred for one request. Servers should be tested to make sure they meet throughput targets (i.e. they should be capable of processing a certain amount of 'hits' per second).
Unique hits count the number of different individuals who have generated at least one hit.

(1) Also called a page hit. The retrieval of any item, like a page or a graphic, from a Web server. For example, when a visitor calls up a Web page with four graphics, that's five hits, one for the page and four for the graphics. For this reason, hits often aren't a good indication of Web traffic. Compare with page view.
(2) Any time a piece of data matches criteria you set. For example, each of the matches from a Yahoo or any other search engine search is called a hit.
Web Counter/hit counter:
A web counter or hit counter is a computer software program that indicates the number of visitors, or hits, a particular webpage has received. Once set up, these counters will be incremented by one every time the web page is accessed in a web browser.